ACUPRESSURE / ACUPUNCTURE & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE INSTITUTE

1. Introduction to Pathology

2. Cell injuries:

- Aetiology and Pathogenesis with a brief recall of important aspects of normal cell structure.

- Reversible cell injury: Types, Sequential changes, Cellular swellings, vacuolation, Hyaline changes, Mucoid changes.

- Irreversible cell injury: Types of Necrosis & Gangrene, Autolysis.

- Pathologic calcification: Dystrophic and Metastatic. Intracellular Accumulations.

3. Inflammation and Repair

- Acute inflammation: features, causes, vascular and cellular events, Inflammatory cells and Mediators.

- Chronic inflammation: Causes, Types, Classification nonspecific and granulomatous with examples.
- Repair, Wound healing by primary and secondary union, factors promoting and delaying the process. Healing in specific site including bone healing.

4. Circulatory Distrurbances

- Hyperemia/Ischemia and Haemorrhage
- Edema: Pathogenesis and types.
- Chronic venous congestion: Lung, Liver, Spleen, Systemic Pathology
- Thrombosis and Embolism: Formation, Fate and Effects.
- Infarction: Types, Common sites.
- Shock: Pathogenesis, types, morphologic changes.

5. Growth Disturbances and Neoplasia
- Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Aplasia, Hypoplasia, dysplasia.

Precancerous lesions.

- Neoplasia: Definition, classification, Biological behaviour: Benign and Malignant (brief idea), Carcinoma and Sarcoma.

6. Hematology

- Constituents of blood and bone marrow, Regulation of hematopoiesis.
- Anemia: Classification, clinical features & lab diagnosis (brief idea).
- Hemostatic disorders, Vascular and Platelet disorders & lab diagnosis.
- Coagulopathies - (i) Inherited (ii) Acquired with lab diagnosis.
- Leukocytic disorders: Leukocytosis, Leukopenias, Leukemoid reaction.
- Leukemia: Classification, clinical manifestation, pathology and Diagnosis (brief idea).

7. Respiratory System

- Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, Asthma, Tuberculosis, Carcinoma of lungs, Occupational lung diseases

8. Cardiovascular Pathology

- Congenital Heart diseases: Atrial septal defect, Ventricular septal defect, Fallot's tetralogy, Patent ductus arteriosu,. Endocarditis, Rheumatic Heart disease.

- Vascular diseases: Atherosclerosis, Monckeberg's medial calcification.

- Ischemic heart Disease: Myocardial infarction.

9. Hepato Biliary Pathology

- Jaundice: Types, aetio-pathogenesis and diagnosis.

10. Musculoskeletal System

- Osteomyelitis: acute, chronic, tuberculous, mycetoma
- Metabolic diseases: Rickets/ Osteomalacia, osteoporosis, Hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease.
- Tumours Classification: Benign, Malignant, Metastatic and synovial sarcoma.
- Arthritis: Suppurative, Rheumatoid. Osteoarthritis, Gout, Tuberculous.

11. Endocrine pathology

- Non-neoplastic lesions of Thyroid: Thyrotoxicosis, myxedema,

12. Neuropathology

- Inflammations and Infections: TB Meningitis, Pyogenic Meningitis, viral meningitis and Brain Abscess, Tuberculosis, Cysticercosis.

13. Dermatopathology: - Skin tumors: Squamos cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Melanoma (brief idea)

14. Congenital Myopathy & mysthenia gravis

PRACTICAL

1. Collection of blood and anticoagulants used..
2. Discussion about parts of microscope and different types of microscopes used in pathology.
3. Staining of slide by Leishman method.
4. Study of peripheral blood smear.
5. Estimation of hemaglobin by Sahli's method and discussion of other methods used.
6. ESR
7. Identification of various instruments in pathology lab & their uses (eg. Neubar chamber, RBC, WBC, pipette etc.).
8. Bleeding Time, Clotting Time.

1. General Pharmacology :- Introduction, Definitions, Classification of drugs, Sources of drugs, Routes of drug administration,

- Distribution of drugs, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics,
- Factors modifying drug response.
- Elementry knowledge of drug toxicity, drug allergy, drug resistance, drug potency, efficacy & drug antagonism.

2. Autonomic Nervous system

- General considerations – The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems, Receptors, Somatic Nervous System

- Cholinergic and Anti-Cholinergic drugs, Adrenergic and Adrenergic blocking drugs, Peripheral muscle relaxants.

3. Cardiovascular Pharmacology (in brief) :

- Drugs Used in the Treatment of Heart Failure: Digitalis, Diuretics, Vasodilators, ACE inhibitors

- Antihypertensive Drugs: Diuretics, Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, ACE Inhibitors, Central Acting Alpha Agonists, Peripheral Alpha Antagonists, Direct acting Vasodilators
- Antiarrhythmic Drugs
- Drugs Used in the Treatment of Vascular Disease and Tissue Ischemia: Vascular Disease, Hemostasis Lipid-Lowering agents, Antithrombotics, Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics
- Ischemic Heart Disease – Nitrates, Beta-Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers
- Cerebral Ischemia
- Peripheral Vascular Disease

4. Neuropharmacology (in brief) :

- Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs: Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
- Antianxiety Drugs: Benzodiazepines, Other Anxiolytics
- Drugs Used in Treatment of Mood Disorders: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Tricyclic Antidepressants, Atypical Antidepressants, Lithium
- Antipsychotic drugs

5. Disorders of Movement (in brief) :

- Drugs used in Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
- Antiepileptic Drugs
- Spasticity and Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

6. Inflammatory/Immune Diseases-

- Non-narcotic Analgesics and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, Aspirin, Nonaspirin NSAIDs, drug Interactions with NSAIDs
- Glucocorticoids: Pharmacological Uses of Glucocorticoids, adverse effects, Physiologic Use of Glucocorticoids
- Drugs Used in Treatment of Arthritic Diseases: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Gout
- Drugs Used in the Treatment of Neuromuscular Immune/Inflammatory Diseases: Myasthenia gravis, Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies, systemic lupus Erythmatosus, Scleroderma, Demyelinating Disease

7. Respiratory Pharmacology (in brief) : Obstructive Airway Diseases, Drugs used in Treatment of Obstructive airway Diseases, Allergic Rhinitis

8. Digestion and Metabolism (in brief):- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology: Peptic Ulcer Disease, Constipation, Diarrhea
- Drugs Used in Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemics

9. Geriatrics:
- Pharmacology and the geriatric Population: Adverse effects of special concern in the Elderly, Dementia, Postural hypotension, urinary incontinence.

1. Joint mobilization:

Definition – Mobilization, Manipulation, indications, limitations, contraindications and precautions, applications of Mobilization technique to various joints. Principles of Maitland, Mulligan and Meckzi joint Manipulation techniques.

2. Stretching:

Definition, properties of soft tissue, mechanical and neurophysiological properties of connective tissue, mechanical properties of non contractile tissue. Determinants, type and effect of stretching, precautions, general applications of stretching technique.

3. Resisted exercise:

Definition – strength, power, endurance. Guiding principle of resisted exercise, determinants, types Manual and Mechanical Resistance Exercise, Isometric Exercise, Dynamic Exercise

- Concentric and Eccentric, Dynamic Exercise

- Constant and Variable Resistance, Isokinetic Exercise, Open-Chain and ClosedChain Exercise, precautions, contraindications Progressive Resistance Exercise

- de Lormes, Oxford, MacQueen, Circuit Weight Training, Plyometric Training

—Stretch-Shortening Drills, Isokinetic Regimens

4. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

– Principles, Diagonal patterns of movements, Basic procedures, Upper Extremity Diagonal patterns, Lower Extremity Diagonal Patterns. Technique in PNF

– Rhythmic Initiation, Repeated Contractions, Reversal of Antagonists, Alternating Isometrics, Rhythmic Stabilization.

5. Aerobic Exercises

– Definitions, Physiological response to Aerobic Exercise, Evaluation of aerobic capacity

– exercise testing, Determinant of Aerobic Exercise, Physiological Changes with Aerobic Training, Aerobic Exercise Program, Applications of Aerobic Program in patients with chronic illness.

6. Hydrotherapy:

Definitions, Goals and Indications, Precautions and Contraindications, Properties of water, Therapeutic Exercises in Hydrotherapy, Special equipments used.

7. Balance training:

Definition and Key terms, Balance control, Components of balance, Balance Impairment, Examination of Impaired Balance, Balance training Exercises.

8. Posture:

Normal Postural Control, Postural Alignment, Postural Stability, Postural Impairment and Mal-Alignment, Postural Training.

9. Breathing Exercises:

Aims and Goals of Breathing Exercises, Procedures of Diaphragmatic Breathing, Segmental Breathing, Pursed-Lip Breathing, Preventing and Relieving Episodes of Dyspnea, Positive Expiratory Pressure Breathing, Respiratory Resistance Training, Glossopharyngeal Breathing.

Exercises to mobilize the chest, Postural Drainage, Manual Technique used in Postural Drainage, Postural Drainage Positions, Modified Postural Drainage.

10. Gait Training:

Definition, Different methods of Gait Training, Gait Training in Parallel Bars, Walking Aids: Types: Crutches, Canes, Frames; Principles and training with walking aids.

11. Soft Tissue Injury:

General Description of Inflammation and repair, Acute, Sub Acute, and Chronic stage, General Treatment Guidelines.

12. Yoga: History, Introduction, Classification, Various Asana

PRACTICAL

1. Joint Mobilisation to individual joint
2. Stretching of individual and group muscles
3. Resisted exercises to individual and group muscles, open and closed kinematic exercises
4. PNF patterns to upper and lower limb.
5. Various types breathing exercises, chest mobilization exercises, postural drainage
6. Gait training with various walking aids

1. Introduction to high frequency current, Electro Magnetic Spectrum

2. SWD: Define short wave, Frequency & Wavelength of SWD, Principle of Production of SWD, Circuit diagram & Production of SWD, Methods of Heat

Production by SWD treatment, Types of SWD Electrode, Placement & Spacing of Electrodes, Tuning, Testing of SWD Apparatus, Physiological & Therapeutic effects, Indications & Contraindications, Dangers, Dosage parameters. Pulsed Electro Magnetic Energy

3. Micro Wave Diathermy: Define Microwave, Wave length & Frequency, Production of MW, Applicators, Dosage Parameters, Physiological & Therapeutic effects, Indications & Contraindications, Dangers of MWD.

4. Ultrasound: Define Ultrasound, Frequency, Piezo Electric effects: Direct, Reverse, Production of US, Treatment Dosage parameters: Continous & Pulsed mode, Intensity, US Fields: Near field, Far field, Half value distance, Attenuation, Coupling Media, Thermal effects, Nonthermal effects, Principles & Application of US: Direct contact, Water bag, Water bath, Solid sterile gel pack method for wound. Uses of US, Indications & Contraindications, Dangers of Ultrasound. Phonophoresis: Define Phonophoresis, Methods of application, Commonly used drugs, Uses. Dosages of US.

5. IRR: Define IRR, wavelength & parameters, Types of IR generators, Production of IR, Physiological & Therapeutic effects, Duration & frequency of treatment, Indication & Contraindication.

6. UVR: Define UVR, Types of UVR, UVR generators: High pressure mercury vapour lamp, Water cooled mercury vapour lamp, Kromayer lamp, Fluorescent tube, Theraktin tunnel PUVA apparatus. Physiological & Therapeutic effects. Sensitizers & Filters. Test dosage calculation. Calculation of E1, E2, E3, E4 doses. Indications, contraindications. Dangers Dosages for different therapeutic effects, Distance in UVR lamp.

7. LASER: Define LASER. Types of LASER. Principles of Production. Production of LASER by various methods. Methods of application of LASER. Dosage of LASER. Physiological &Therapeutic effects of LASER. Safety precautions of LASER. Classifications of LASER Energy density & power density.

8. Wax Therapy: Principle of Wax Therapy application – latent Heat, Composition of Wax Bath Therapy unit, Methods of application of Wax, Physiological & Therapeutic effects, Indications & Contraindication, Dangers.

9. Contrast Bath: Methods of application, Therapeutic uses, Indications & Contraindications.

10. Moist Heat Therapy: Hydro collator packs – in brief, Methods of applications, Therapeutic uses, Indications & Contraindications.

11. Fluidotherapy: Construction, Method of application, Therapeutic uses, Indications & Contraindications.

12. Cryotherapy: Define- Cryotherapy, Principle- Latent heat of fusion, Physiological & Therapeutics effects, Techniques of Applications, Indications & Contraindications, Dangers, and Methods of application with dosage.

13. EMG and Nerve Conduction Velocity test, Biofeed back

PRACTICAL

The student of Electrotherapy must be able to demonstrate the use of electrotherapy modalities applying the principles of electrotherapy with proper techniques, choice of dosage parameters and safety precautions.

1. Application of Ultrasound for different regions-various methods of application
2. Demonstrate treatment techniques using SWD, IRR and Microwave diathermy
3. Demonstrate the technique of UVR exposure for various conditions – calculation of test dose
4. Calculation of dosage and technique of application of LASER
5. Technique of treatment and application of Hydrocollator packs, cryotherapy, contrast bath, wax therapy

1. Introduction to Orthopaedics: An Orthopaedic patient, history taking, clinical features, clinical examination, and investigation (X- ray, CT scans, MRI scan, Bone scan)
2. Injuries of muscle & tendons : etiology & management.
3. Bony & Soft tissue injuries : Injury & repair, Clinical presentation, evaluation & general principles of rehabilitation management, Tenosynovitis, Bursitis etc.
4. Fractures -
a. Types, Healing, complications, general principles of treatment.
b. Fracture of Spine, pelvis, hip joint, femur, patella, knee joint, cartilage and ligaments, tibia, fibula, ankle, calcaneum, metatarsals, calvicle, scapula, ribs, humerus, elbow joint, radius, ulna, scaphoid, metacarpals & phalanges.
c. Fracture separation of epiphysis.
5. Inflammation of bones & joints (Clinical features, evaluation, conservative & surgical management) -
a) Bones - Osteomyelitis- osteomyelitis - pyogenic & tubercular, osteoarthritis.
b) Joints - Rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis, Reiter’s disease, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Gout, Ankylosing spondylitis, Neuropathic- joints, haemophilic arthropathy, Avascular necrosis.
6. Nutritional & metabolic diseases of bones : Rickets, Osteomalacia & Osteoporosis.
7. Spine deformities: Clinical features, diagnosis, management of Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Lordosis, Spondylosis, prolapse of intervertebral disc, cord compression, sacralization and traumatic deformities (paraplegia & quadriplegia).
8. Infections of Musculoskeletal system -
a. Bacterial infections
b. Tubercular infections, Leprosy, Pott’s paraplegia
9. Congenital malformations (in brief description with outline of treatment):
a. Congenital Hip Displasia, Congenital Talipes Equinovarus / Calcaniovalgus, Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita, Congenital Torticolis, Acromelia, phocomelia, Amelia,
b. Spina Bifida: all types, clinical presentation, sequel & management
10. Developmental diseases of skeleton:
Osteogenesis imperfecta, heterotopic ossification, Osteochondritis, Perthes’ disease.
11. Neuromuscular diseases:
a) Volkmann’s Ischaemic contracture, obstetrical paralysis, and peroneal muscular atrophy
b) Poliomyelitis – orthopaedic aspects and treatment of deformities.
12. Upper Limbs:
Clinical presentation, evaluation, conservative & surgical management of rotator cuff injuries, adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, biceps tendonitis, shoulder dislocation, snapping & winged scapula, tennis and golfer elbow, olecranon bursitis, soft tissue injuries, sprains and strains, Arthritic conditions, tenosynovitis, Carpal tunnel syndrome, wrist drop, claw hand, mallet finger, Duputyren’s contracture, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, common fractures and dislocations.
13. Lower Limb:
Clinical presentation, evaluation, conservative & surgical management of Arthritic conditions, soft tissue injuries, sprains and strains, achillis tendonitis, bursitis, plantar fascitis, deformities, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, neuropathic Joints, common fractures and dislocations, prescavus, pesavaglus, hallus valgus footstrains, metatarasalgia, hallus rigidus, ingrowing toe nail.
14. Neuro-vascular Diseases :
Orthopaedic aspects and treatment of - Nerve injuries (major nerves), Plexus injuries
15. Amputations :
Justification, outline of surgical approaches, incisions, procedures, indications, contraindications, complications & management.
16. Bone tumors : benign & malignant (in brief)
17. Operations :
Reconstructive arthoplasty, arthodesis, bone grafting, osteotomy, tenden transplantation & transfer, nerve- neurolysis, suture, graft and decompression.
18. Othopaedic splints and appliances.
19. Tractions : Skin, skeleton (in brief).
20. Foot arches & their complications.
21. Rehabilitation of patients.

1. Introduction: Brief outline of subject of medicine, a medical patient, common signs & symptoms of disease
2. Infectious Diseases: Brief description of concept of infection, types, classification & common clinical manifestation of infection and general principle of management
3. Nutritional & Metabolic Diseases: Brief description of following diseases along with outline of management: Diabetes Mellitus, Vitamins (A, B, C, D & K) and Minerals (iron, calcium phosphorus, iodine) deficiencies, and Obesity
4. Alimentary tract: Brief description of manifestations of alimentary tract disease & general principle of diagnosis & outline of management of following diseases: Peptic ulcer disease, common infections of small & large intestine
5. Brief description of liver diseases along with outline of management: Hepatitis, & Jaundice
6. Diseases of connective tissues: Brief description of manifestations along with outline of management of - SLE,
polymyositis
7. Diseases of skin: Brief description of manifestations along with outline of management of common skin diseases - scabies, pediculosis, taeniasis, impetigo & psoriasis
8. GeriatricsPhysiology of ageing, manifestations of diseases in old people and general principles of management. Implications of aging in physical therapy. lung disease, Pleurisy & Pulmonary embolism
9. First Aid in common Medical Emergencies
10. Cardio-vascular System: Manifestations of heart & vascular disease & general principle of diagnosis. Brief description of following diseases along with outline of management: Cardiac failure, Ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, Deep vein thrombosis
11. Respiratory System: Manifestations of respiratory disease & general principle of diagnosis. Brief description of following diseases along with outline of management: Obstructive Pulmonary diseases (Bronchial Asthma, COPD), pulmonary infections (Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Lung abscess, Tuberculosis), Respiratory failure, occupational lung diseases
12. Neurology: Brief Description of Headache, migraine, raised intra-cranial pressure. Inflammatory conditions – meningitis (bacterial, tubercular), rabies, Disorders of cerebral circulation - ischaemia, haemorrhages (CVA), HT encephalopathy
Demyelinating diseases- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis
Extra pyramidal syndromes - Parkinson’s disease, Chorea, Athetosis, Dystonia, hemiballismus, Spasmodic Torticollis
Convulsive disorders - epilepsy (GM, PM, Psychomotor), tetany
13. Developmental and degenerative syndromes – Cerebral palsy, kernicterus, hereditary ataxias, motor neuron disease, Peroneal muscular atrophy
14. Disorders of Spinal cord and Cauda EquinaSpinal cord injury, paraplegia, quadriplegia, spina-bifida, transverse myelitis, Neurogenic bladder and bowel
15. Peripheral nerve disorders – Traumatic / compression or entrapment neuropathy, polyneuritis, GB syndrome, diabetic polyneuropathy and spinal radiculopathies. Special emphasis on brachial and lumbo-sacral plexuses and major nerves – radial, ulnar, median, femoral, and sciatic nerve
16. Muscle disorders – Progressive muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, myasthenia gravis, floppy infant syndrome

PEDIATRICS

1. Normal Growth and development of child : Motor, mental, language and social
2. Common infectious diseases in children: Brief description of following infectious diseases along with outline of
management:
Tetanus, diphtheria, Mycobacterial, measles, chicken pox, gastroenteritis, HIV, and Malaria
3. Immunization programmes: WHO schedule, different vaccinations, rationale; special consideration to various disease eradication programmes like Pulse-Polio
4. Child and nutrition : Nutritional requirements, malnutrition syndrome, Vitamins (A, B, C, D & K) and Minerals (iron, calcium phosphorus, iodine) deficiencies in children and management in brief
5. Clinical presentation, management & prevention of the following : Cerebral palsy, Poliomyelitis, Muscular dystrophy
6. Childhood rheumatism : Types, clinical presentation, & management in brief 
7. Acute CNS infections: Clinical presentation, complications and management of bacterial and tubercular infections in brief
8. Clinical presentation, management & prevention of the following respiratory conditions: URI, LRI, bronchiolitis, asthma, TB
9. Clinical presentation, management & prevention of the following cardiac conditions: Rheumatic heart disease, SABE, Congenital heart disease - ASD, VSD, PDA

PSYCHIATRY

1. Modalities of psychiatric treatment
2. Psychiatric illness and physical therapy link
3. Brief description of Etio-pathogenesis, manifestations, and management of psychiatric illnesses -
a. Anxiety neurosis
b. Depression
c. Obsessive compulsive neurosis
d. Psychosis- Définition & types
e. Maniac-depressive psychosis
f. Post-traumatic stress disorder
g. Psychosomatic reactions: Stress and Health, theories of Stress – Illness Link
4. Brief description of Etio-pathogenesis, manifestations, and management of psychiatric illness
a. Drug dependence and alcoholism
b. Somatoform and Dissociate Disorders – conversion reactions, Somatization, Dissociate Amnesia, and Dissociate Fugue
c. Personality disorders
5. Child psychiatry: Brief descriptions of manifestations, and management of childhood disorders - attention deficit syndrome, and behavioral disorders
6. Geriatric Psychiatry (in brief)

1. Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base disturbances – Diagnosis and management ; Nutrition in the surgical patient., Shock - Clinical feature, pathology & management.
2. Transfusion therapy in surgery – blood components, complications of transfusion.
3. Wounds :
a) Classification, acute wounds, chronic wounds.
b) Wound healing – Basic process involved in wound repair, basic phases in the healing process, clinical management of wounds, factors affecting wound healing, scars - type and treatment.
c) Wound Infections, - physiology & manifestation, types of infections, treatment, principle of antimicrobial treatment.
4. Pre & postoperative complications of surgery and their management.
5. Hemostasis – Components, hemostatic disorders, factors affecting bleeding during surgery.
6. Types of anaesthesia and its affects on the patient, pain relief.
7. Types of Incisons ; Clips Ligatures and Sutures; General Thoracic Procedures, Radiologic Diagnostic procedures, Endoscopy–types, Biopsy – uses and types.
Overview and Drainage systems and tubes used in Surgery.
8. Burn: Definition, Classification, Causes, Prevention, Pathological changes, Complications, Clinical Features and Management.
9. Skin Grafts : Types, Grafting Procedures, Survival of Skin Graft ; Flaps – Types and uses of Flaps.
10. Infections and injuries of Hand : Hand infection, suppurativve infection, other infection, hand injuries, dupuytrens contracture.
11. Surgical Oncology – Cancer – Definition, types, clinical manifestations of cancer, Staging of Cancer, surgical
procedures involved in the management of cancer.
12. Disorders of muslces, tendons and ligaments, sports related injuries. Periarticular inflammations acte muslce injury, chronic muscles injury, Tendon disorders, tendon sheath disorder, fascia, Ganglia, Bursae, Repeatative strain injury.
13. Neurological disorder affecting to musclo-skeletal system., Motor dysfunction and treatment, cerebral palsy, acquired abnormalities, inherited disorder, neuromuscular disorder, sensory disorder.
14. The cranium : The scalp, the skull, head injuries.
15. Thoracic and cardiac surgery :
Thoracotomy, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, thoracoplasty, mitral valvotomy, open heart surgery.
16. Various surgical heart diseases with respect to clinical presentation, complications and management - Valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease –e.g., ASD, VSD, PDA, Ischaemic heart disease. Outline of postoperative complications in cardiac surgery and their management.
17. Diseases of the Arteries and Veins : Definition, Etiology, Clinical features, signs and symptoms, complications,
management and treatment of following diseases : Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, Aneurysm, Buerger’s disease, Raynaud’s Disease, Thrombophlebitis, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, Varicose Veins.
18. Definition, Indication, Incision, Physiological changes and Complications following Common operations like Cholecystectomy, Colostomy, Ileostomy, Gastrectomy, Hernias, Appendicectomy Mastectomy, Nephrectomy, Prostectomy.
19. Obstetrics & Gynecology : Surgical procedures involving child birth. Incontinence – Types, Causes, Assessment and Management, Common gynecology disorders - salpingitis, parameteritis, retroverted uterus prolapse of uterus, pelvic inflammation, Definition & indications of– Hysterosalphingography, Dilatation and Curettage, Laproscopy, Colposopy, & Hysterectomy,
20. ENT: Common problems of ear, otitis media, Otosclerosis, functional aphonia and deafness, facial palsy - classification, medical and surgical management of lower motor neuron type of facial palsy.
21. Ophthalmology: common inflammation and other infections of eye, ptosis, defects of the external rectus, cataract, refractions, pleoptic exercises, physiologic defects of vision.

1. Health and Disease: Definitions, Concepts, Dimensions and Indicators of Health, Concept of well-being, Spectrum and Determinants of Health, Concept and natural history of Disease, Concepts of disease control and prevention, Modes of Intervention, Population Medicine, The role of socio-economic and cultural environment in health and disease.

2. Epidemiology, definition and scope. Principles of Epidemiology and Epidemiological methods: Components and Aims, Basic measurements, Methods, Uses of epidemiology, Infectious disease epidemiology, Dynamics and modes of disease transmission, Host defenses and Immunizing agents, Hazards of Immunization, Disease prevention and control, Disinfection. Screening for Disease: Concept of screening, Aims and Objectives, Uses and types of screening.

3. Epidemiology of communicable disease: Respiratory infections, Intestinal infections, Arthropodborne infections, Zoonoses, Surface infections, Hospital acquired infections Epidemiology chronic non-communicable diseases and conditions: Cardio vascular diseases: Coronary heart disease, Hypertension, Stroke, Rheumatic heart disease, Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity, Blindness Accidents and Injuries.

4. Public health administration- an overview of the health administration set up at Central and state levels. The national health program-highlighting the role of social, economic and cultural factors in the implementation of the national programs. Health problems of vulnerable groups- pregnant and lactating women, infants and pre-school children, occupational groups.

5. Health programs in India: Vector borne disease control program, National leprosy eradication program, National tuberculosis program, National AIDS control program, National program for control of blindness, Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) program, Universal Immunisation program, Reproductive and child health program, National cancer control program, National mental health program. National diabetes control program, National family welfare program, National sanitation and water supply program, Minimum needs program.

6. Demography and Family Planning: Demographic cycle, Fertility, Family planning objectives of national family planning program and family planning methods, A general idea of advantage and disadvantages of the methods.

7. Preventive Medicine in Obstetrics, Paediatrics and Geriatrics: MCH problems, Antenatal, Intranatal and post natal care, Care of children, Child health problems, Rights of child and National policy for children, MCH services and indicators of MCH care, Social welfare program for women and children, Preventive medicine and geriatrics.

8. Nutrition and Health: Classification of foods, Nutritional profiles of principal foods, Nutritional problems in public health, Community nutrition program.

9. Environment and Health: Components of environment, Water and air pollution and public health: Pollution control, Disposal of waste, Medical entomology.

10. Hospital waste management: Sources of hospital waste, Health hazards, Waste management.

11. Disaster Management: Natural and man made disasters, Disaster impact and response, Relief phase, Epidemiologic surveillance and disease control, Nutrition, Rehabilitation, Disaster preparedness.

12. Occupational Health: Occupational environment, Occupational hazards, Occupational diseases, Prevention of occupational diseases. Social security and other measures for the protection from occupational hazard accidents and diseases. Details of compensation acts.

13. Mental Health: Characteristics of a mentally healthy person, Types of mental illness, Causes of mental ill health, Prevention, Mental health services, Alcohol and drug dependence. Emphasis on community aspects of mental health.

14. Health Education: Concepts, aims and objectives, Approaches to health education, Models of health education, Contents of health education, Principles of health education, Practice of health education.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Introduction to Research methodology: Meaning of research, objectives of research,Motivation in research, Types of research & research approaches, Research methods vs methodology, Criteria for good research.

2. Research problem: Statement of research problem, Statement of purpose and objectives of research problem, Necessity of defining the problem

3. Research design: Meaning of research design, Need for research design, Features for good design, Different research designs, Basic principles of research design.

4. Measurement & scaling techniques: Measurement in research Measurement scales, sources of error in measurement, Technique of developing measurement tools, Meaning of scaling, its classification, important scaling techniques.

5. Methods of data collection: collection of primary data, collection data through questionnaires & schedules, Difference between questionnaires & schedules.

6. Computer technology: Introduction to Computers, computer application in research computers & researcher.

BIOSTATISTICS

1. Introduction: Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics. Importance of the study of statistics, Branches of statistics, Statistics and health science, Parameters and Estimates, Variables and their types, Measurement scales.

2. Tabulation of Data: Basic principles of graphical representation, Types of diagrams – histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency polygon, cumulative frequency curve, Normal probability curve.

3. Measures of Central Tendency: Need for measures of central Tendency, Definition and calculation of Mean – ungrouped and grouped, interpretation and calculation of Median-ungrouped and grouped, Meaning and calculation of Mode, Geometric mean & Hormonic mean, Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency.

4. Measures of Dispersion : Range, mean deviation, standard deviation & variance.

5. Probability and Standard Distributions: Meaning of probability of standard distribution, the binominal distribution, the normal distribution, Divergence from normality – skewness, kurtosis.

6. Correlation & regression : Significance, correlation coefficient, linear regression & regression equation.

7. Testing of Hypotheses , Level of significance, Degrees of freedom.

8. Chi-square test, test of Goodness of fit & student t-test.

9. Analysis of variance & covariance: Analysis of variance (ANOVA), what is ANOVA? Basic principle of ANOVA, ANOVA technique, Analysis of Co variance (ANACOVA)

10. Sampling: Definition, Types- simple, random, stratified, cluster and double sampling. Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples, Application of sampling in community, Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors.

1. PT assessment for Orthopedic conditions - SOAP format. Subjective - history taking, informed consent, personal, past, medical and socioeconomic history, chief complaints, history of present illness. Pain assessment- intensity, character, aggravating and relieving factors, site and location. Objective- on observation - body built swelling, muscle atrophy, deformities, posture and gait. On palpation- tenderness-grades, muscle spasm, swelling-methods of swelling assessment, bony prominences, soft tissue texture and integrity, warmth and vasomotor disturbances. On examination – ROM – active and passive, resisted isometric tests, limb length-apparent, true and segmental, girth measurement, muscle length testing-tightness, Contracture and flexibility, manual muscle testing, peripheral neurological examination dermatomes, myotomes and reflexes, special tests and functional tests. Prescription of home program. Documentation of case records, and follows up.

2. Fractures -
types, classification, signs and symptoms, complications. Fracture healing –
factors affecting fracture healing. Principles of fracture management - reduction -
open and closed, immobilization - sling, cast, brace, slab, traction - manual,
mechanical, skin, skeletal, lumbar and Cervical traction, external fixation,
functional cast bracing. PT management in complications - early and late -
shock, compartmental syndrome, VIC, fat embolism, delayed and mal union, RSD,
myositis ossificans, AVN, pressure sores etc. Physiotherapy assessment in fracture
cases. Aims of PT management in fracture cases - short and long term goals.
Principles of PT management in fractures - Guidelines for fracture treatment
during period of immobilization and guidelines for treatment after immobilization
period.
3. Specific fractures and dislocations:
PT assessment and management of upper limb fractures and dislocations. PT
assessment and management of lower limb fractures and dislocations including
pelvis. PT assessment and management spinal fractures.
4. Principles of various schools of thought in manual therapy –
Maitland, Mackenzie, Mulligan
5. Degenerative and inflammatory conditions:
Definition, signs and symptoms, clinical features, path physiology, radiological
features, deformities, medical, surgical management. Describe the PT assessment
and management and home program for the following conditions –
Osteoarthritis - emphasis mainly on knee, hip and hand, Rheumatoid Arthritis,
Ankylosing spondylitis, Gout, Perthes disease, Periarthritic shoulder.
6. Infective conditions:
Definition, signs and symptoms, clinical features, pathophysiology, radiological
features, medical, surgical management. Describe PT assessment and
management for following conditions – Osteomyelitis – acute and chronic, Septic
arthritis, Pyogenic arthritis, TB spine and major joints - knee and hip.
7. Define; review the postural abnormalities of spinal column, clinical features,
deformities, medical and surgical management. Describe PT assessment and
management and home program.
8. Deformities:
Review in detail the causes, signs and symptoms, radiological features, medical
and surgical management. Describe the PT. assessment and management of the
following conditions : Congenital : CTEV, CDH, Torticollis, pes planus, pes cavus
and other common deformities. Acquired: scoliosis, kyphosis, coxa vera, genu
varum, valgum and recurvatum.
9. Poliomyelitis:
Definition, etiology, types, pathophysiology, clinical features, deformities,
medical and surgical management. PT. assessment and management after surgical
corrections and reconstructive surgeries - emphasis on tendon transfer and home
program.
10. Leprosy:
Definition, cause, clinical features, medical and surgical management. PT
assessment, aims, and management after surgical procedures such as tendon
transfer both pre and post operatively.
11. Amputations:
Definition, levels, indications, types, PT assessment, aims, management pre and
post operatively. PT management with emphasis on stump care and bandaging. Pre
and post prosthetic training, checking out prosthesis, complications of
amputations and its management.
12. Spinal conditions:
Review the causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, radiological features,
neurological signs. PT assessment, aims, and management and home program of
the following conditions: Cervical spondylosis, Lumbar spondylosis,
Spondylolisthesis, Spinal canal stenosis, Spondylolysis, Sacro-iliac joint
dysfunction, Sacralisation, Lumbarisation, Intervertebral disc prolapse,
Coccydynia, Spina bifida occulta.
13. Osteoporosis : Causes, predisposing factors, investigations and treatment.
14. Orthopedic surgeries:
Pre and post operative PT assessment, goals, precautions and PT management of
following surgeries such as: Arthrodesis, Osteotomy, Arthroplasty-partial and
total- Excision arthroplasty, excision arthroplasty with implant, interpositional
arthroplasty and total replacement; Tendon transplant, Soft tissue releasetenotomy,
myotomy, lengthening; Arthroscopy, Spinal stabilization, Reattachment
of limbs, External fixators, Synovectomy.
15. Shoulder joint:
Shoulder instabilities, TOS, RSD, Impingement syndrome – conservative and Post
operative PT management. Total shoulder replacement and Hemi replacement. -
Post operative PT management. AC joint injuries - rehabilitation. Rotator cuff
tears- conservative and surgical repair. Subacromial decompression - Post
operative PT management.
16. Elbow and forearm:
Excision of radial head - Post operative PT management. Total elbow arthroplastyPost operative PT management.
18. Wrist and Hand:
Total wrist arthroplasty. Repair of ruptured extensor tendons. Carpal tunnel
syndrome. Flexor and extensor tendon lacerations - Post operative PT
management.
19. Hip:
Joint surgeries- hemi and total hip replacement - Post operative PT
management Tendonitis and bursitis. - Management.
20. Knee:
Lateral retinacular release, chondroplasty- Post operative management.
Realignment of extensor mechanism. ACL and PCL reconstruction surgeries - Post
operative rehabilitation. Meniscectomy and meniscal repair - Post operative
management. Plica syndrome, patellar dysfunction and Hoffa's syndrome -
conservative management. TKR- rehabilitation protocol. Patellar tendon ruptures
and Patellectomy- rehabilitation.
21. Ankle and foot: Ankle instability. Ligamentous tears- Post operative management.
PRACTICALS
1. Practical demonstration of basic principles of physiotherapy assessment, functional
assessment and application of physiotherapy in orthopeadics conditions.
2. Student must maintain a logbook. The duly completed logbook should be submitted
during practical examination.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN NEUROLOGICAL CONDITOINS
Subject Code: BPT – 402
Minimum Hours: Theory-80 Hrs., Practical-100 Hrs.
THEORY
1) Review of basic Neuro - Anatomy and Physiology
2) Physiotherapy evaluation of a neurological patient, electro diagnostic procedures,
interpretations and prognosis in different neurological conditions, Upper and Lower
motor neuron lesions.
3) Principles of physiotherapy programs, reeducation and retraining techniques in
neurological conditions, approaches like: Bobath’s / neuro developmental therapy,
Rood’s approach, PNF, Vojta techniques, biofeedback, Brunnstorm movement
therapy, Motor Relearning programming, sensory integration therapy.
4) Disturbance of speech and aphasia
5) Spinal cord injury:
review of anatomy and physiology, Physiotherapy Assessment of Spinal cord
injury, Principles of Physiotherapy at various stages of Spinal cord injury
Rehabilitation goals and ADL training
6) Assessment and principles of therapeutic management of following neurological
conditions:
• Stroke, meningitis, encephalitis, Parkinson’s disease, Cerebral palsy, cerebellar
lesions, Brain tumors, Multiple Sclerosis, facial palsy.
• Motor neuron disease, Disseminated sclerosis, transverse myelitis, polio,
syringomyelia, spina bifida,
• Neuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders and myopathies
7) Peripheral nerve injuries, surgical resection & repair:
• Classification & types
• Functional assessment, investigation, diagnosis & prognosis
• Physiotherapeutic management
• Poly neuropathy
8) Traumatic brain injury:
• Types and Mechanisms of head injury
• Clinical features, potential complications
• Physiotherapy principles of immediate and postoperative therapeutic
management
9) Neurosurgery:
Post surgical Physical therapy in neurosurgical procedures – craniotomy, shunts,
SOL resection, surgical treatment of spasticity, cervical cord decompression.
PRACTICAL
1. Practical demonstration of basic principles of physiotherapy assessment, functional
assessment and application of physiotherapy in neurology conditions.
2. Student must maintain a logbook. The duly completed logbook should be submitted
during practical examination.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN CARDIO-RESPIRATORY & GENERAL CONDITIONS
Subject Code: BPT – 403
Minimum Hours: Theory-80 Hrs., Practical-100 Hrs.
THEORY
1. Anatomical and Physiological differences between the Adult and Pediatric lung.
2. Bedside assessment of the patient-Adult & Pediatric.
3. Investigations and tests – Exercise tolerance Testing – Cardiac & Pulmonary,
Radiography, PFT, ABG, ECG, Hematological and Biochemical Tests
4. Physiotherapy techniques to increase lung volume – controlled mobilization,
positioning, breathing exercises, Neurophysiological Facilitation of Respiration,
Mechanical aids - Incentive Spirometry, CPAP,IPPB
5. Physiotherapy techniques to decrease the work of breathing – Measures to
optimize the balance between energy supply and demand, positioning, Breathing
re-education – Breathing control techniques, mechanical aids – IPPB, CPAP,
BiPAP
6. Physiotherapy techniques to clear secretions – Hydration, Humidification &
Nebulisation, Mobilisation and Breathing exercises, Postural Drainage, Manual
techniques – Percussion, Vibration and Shaking, Rib Springing, ACBT, Autogenic
Drainage, Mechanical Aids – PEP, Flutter, IPPB, Facilitation of Cough and Huff,
Nasopharyngeal Suctioning
7. Drug therapy – Drugs to prevent and treat inflammation, Drugs to treat
Bronchospasm, Drugs to treat Breathlessness, Drugs to help sputum clearance,
Drugs to inhibit coughing, Drugs to improve ventilation, Drugs to reduce
pulmonary hypertension, Drug delivery doses, Inhaled Nebulisers.
8. Management of wound ulcers- Care of ulcers and wounds - Care of surgical scarsU.V.R and other electro therapeutics for healing of wounds, prevention of
Hypergranulated Scars Keoloids, Electrotherapeutics measures for relief of pain
during mobilization of scars tissues
9. Physiotherapy in dermatology -Documentation of assessment, treatment and
follow up skin conditions. U.V.R therapy in various skin conditions; Vitiligo;
Hair loss; Pigmentation; Infected wounds ulcers. Faradic foot bath for
Hyperhydrosis. Care of anesthetic hand and foot; Evaluation, planning and
management of leprosy- prescription, fitting and training with prosthetic and
orthotic devices.
10. Neonatal and Pediatric Physiotherapy – Chest physiotherapy for children, The
neonatal unit, Modifications of chest physiotherapy for specific neonatal
disorders, Emergencies in the neonatal unit.
11. Physiotherapy in Obstructive lung conditions
12. Physiotherapy in Restrictive lung conditions.
13. Management of breathlessness.
14. Pulmonary Rehabilitation.
15. Physiotherapy following Lung surgeries.
16. Respiratory failure – Oxygen Therapy and Mechanical Ventilation.
Introduction to ICU : ICU monitoring –Apparatus, Airways and Tubes used in
the ICU -Physiotherapy in the ICU – Common conditions in the ICU – Tetanus,
Head Injury, Lung Disease, Pulmonary Oedema, Multiple Organ Failure,
Neuromuscular Disease, Smoke Inhalation, Poisoning, Aspiration, Near
Drowning, ARDS, Shock; Dealing with an Emergency Situation in the ICU.
17. Burns management - Role of physiotherapy in the management of burns, post
grafted cases- Mobilization and Musculo-skeletal restorative exercises following
burns.
18. Physiotherapy management following cardiac surgeries.
19. Cardiac Rehabilitation.
20. Physiotherapy management following Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD).
21. Abdominal Surgeries - Management of Pulmonary Restorative Dysfunction
following surgical procedures on Abdomen and Thorax.
22. Management of Amputations following Diabetes, PVD - Prosthesis in amputations
of lower limbs following ulcers and gangrenes
23. Physiotherapy intervention in the management of Medical, Surgical and Radiation
Oncology Cases
24. Home program and education of family members in patient care.
25. Physiotherapy in Obstetrics – Antenatal Care, Antenatal Education, Postnatal
Care. Electrotherapy and Exercise Therapy measures for the re-education of
Ano-Urethral sphincter.
26. Treatment, Response to exercise and Implications of Physiotherapy in the
following disease conditions: Hypertension, Diabetes, Renal Failure and Obesity.
27. Geriatrics: Problems in old age, role of physiotherapy in elderly
PRACTICAL
1. Practical demonstration of basic principles of physiotherapy assessment, functional
assessment and application of physiotherapy in cardio – respiratory, OBG, Skin,
and other medical conditions.
2. Student must maintain a logbook. The duly completed logbook should be submitted
during practical examination.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN SPORTS
Subject Code: BPT – 404
Minimum Hours: Theory-60 Hrs., Practical-40 Hrs.
THEORY
1. Pre-exercise evaluation
2. Diet and nutrition
Measurement of fitness components and sports skills - Measurement of muscular
strength, Measurement of muscular endurance, Measurement of flexibility,
Determination exercise endurance,
3. Physiological effects of exercise on body systems - Muscular system, Endocrine
system, Cardio-respiratory system, Nervous system
4. Sports injuries - Spine – PIVD, Kissing spine, cervical whiplash injuries, facet joint
syndrome, SI joint dysfunction, Hip – muscle strain, piriformis syndrome, ITB
syndrome, osteitis pubis, Knee – menisci, cruciate, collateral, osteochondritis,
chondromalacia patellae, biceps femoris tendonitis, swimmers knee, patello-femoral
pain syndrome, Leg & ankle – shin splint, achillis tendonitis & rupture, TA
bursitis, ankle sprain, plantar fascitis, turf toe syndrome, Head & face – maxillofacial
injuries, helmet compression syndrome.
5. Sports injuries
Shoulder – instability, rotator cuff injury, biceps tendonitis and rupture, pectoralis
major rupture, scapular dyskinesis and acromio-clavicular joint injuries, Elbow –
tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, Wrist and hand – carpal tunnel syndrome,
gamekeeper’s thumb.
6. Principles of injury prevention.
7. Principles of training & Rehabilitation in sports injuries.
8. Sports in Special age groups: Female athletic triad, Younger athlete- Musculoskeletal
problems, management, children with chronic illness and nutrition. Older
athlete- Physiological changes with aging, benefits, risks of exercise in elderly,
exercise prescription guidelines for elderly.
PRACTICAL
1. Practical demonstration of basic principles of physiotherapy assessment, functional
assessment and application of sports physiotherapy
2. Student must maintain a logbook. The duly completed logbook should be submitted
during practical examination.
REHABILITATION ON MEDICINE
Subject Code: BPT – 405
Minimum Hours: Theory-80 Hrs., Practical-40 Hrs.
THEORY
1. Introduction of Rehabilitation & History
2. Epidemiology of disability (Impairment, disability, phases of disability process,
etc.).
3. Principles of Rehabilitation & concept of team approach with rolls of each
individual participant.
4. Organization of Rehabilitation unit.
5. Disability prevention evaluation & principles of Rehabilitation Management.
6. Role of Physiotherapy in Rehabilitation (Preventive, treatment & restoration)
7. Brief outline of Communication disorder & its implications on Rehabilitation
process.
8. Brief outline of psychosocial & vocational aspects of Rehabilitation.
9. Introduction to Occupational therapy.
10. Activities of daily living, functional assessment & training for functional
independence.
11. Brief outline of basic community medicine with special reference to community
based Rehabilitation, infrastructure and role of CBR
12. Assessment of disability in rural & urban setups. Health care delivery system &
preventive measures with specific reference to disabling conditions. Community
education program.
13. Application of Physiotherapy skills at community level with special reference to
the need at rural level.
14. Role of voluntary Organizations in CBR: Charitable Organizations, Voluntary
health agencies – National level and International NGO’s, Multilateral and
Bilateral agencies. International Health Organizations: WHO, UNICEF, UNDP,
UNFPA, FAO, ILO, World bank, USAID, SIDA, DANIDA, Rockfeller, Ford
foundation, CARE, RED CROSS.
15. National District Level Rehabilitation Program: Primary rehabilitation unit,
Regional training center, District rehabilitation center, Primary Health center,
Village rehabilitation worker, Anganwadi worker.
16. Role of Physiotherapy in CBR: Screening for disabilities, Prescribing exercise
program, Prescribing and devising low cost locally available assistive aids,
Modifications physical and architectural barriers for disabled, Disability
prevention, Strategies to improve ADL, Rehabilitation program for various
neuro-musculoskeletal and cardiothoracic disabilities.
ORTHOTICS AND PROSTHOTICS
1. Introduction to surgical anatomy and various pathological deviations with respect to
brace fitting.
2. Rationale of prescribing Prosthetic and Orthotic devices.
3. Types of Prosthetic and Orthotic devices: Spinal, Lower limb, and Upper limb.
4. Checkout, usage advice, precautions, and follow-up.
5. Walking aids and wheel chairs: prescription, usage advice, and follow-up.
PRACTICAL
1. Demonstration of methods of using orthotics & prosthotics devices.
2. Methods of organization of community based rehabilitation centres.
3. Visit of different rehabilitation centres and preparing a report of the visit & vivavoce
of the aforesaid report